The Tablet, by Tom Woolford: I used to teach a church history course to adult learners in the Diocese of Blackburn. The course began with the Church in the New Testament, before a second session on the Fathers and the first four ecumenical councils, and a third on the Church of the Middle Ages. The fourth session tackled the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation. At the outset of the session, I asked the participants to tell me what the word Catholic conjures up for them and write their responses on one half of a flipchart pad. Pope and priest, candles and ciboria, mass and Mary, transubstantiation and confession, vestments and incense – these are among the usual responses. I then repeated the exercise for the word “reformed,” and wrote the responses on the other half of the pad. We typically had words like “bible,” “preaching,” “low-church’, and “pastor” proffered this time. This exercise was all a preamble to the real opening gambit for the session: What does it mean to claim, as we Anglicans do, that the Church of England is “catholic and reformed’? Some try to rehash the anachronistic and quite inaccurate cliché that the Church of England is a via media between the Roman Church and Protestantism proper, while others attempt an eclectic pick-and-mix between the two columns as that which represents the essence of Anglicanism. The bulk of the next hour of the session is therefore devoted to unpacking the true meaning of the word “catholic,” before returning to the question of how a Church might be “catholic and reformed” without contradiction or compromise.
The word “catholic” comes from the Greek κατα ?λος (kata holos), which means “in accordance with the whole.” Catholicity means wholeness – a “thick” concept of wholeness applied to the Christian faith, life, and Church. It is in this wholeness sense that when we recite the Creed, we confess our belief in “one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church.” It is in this wholeness sense that the English Reformers claimed (and we in the Church of England today still claim) that the Church of England is part of the Catholic Church. The word “Catholic,” especially over the course of the last hundred years, has carried what we might call today a “trigger warning” for Anglican evangelicals. Since the rise of the Oxford Movement in the nineteenth century, evangelicals have become used to defining their theology and practice in contradistinction to the “Catholicism” of the Tractarians and their heirs. But this has had the effect of throwing the Catholic baby out with the Ritualist bathwater. It is not unknown for certain low-church evangelicals to substitute (illegally) “universal” in place of the word “catholic” in the Creed (though the two are not synonymous, since “universal” refers only to extension in space while “catholic” refers to extension in space and time), such is the opprobrium attached to the word and concept. But “catholic” is not a dirty word: it is a wonderful, sacred word and concept that evangelicals – if they are true to the ecclesial vision of the English Reformers – should treasure, protect, and seek to prosper.
In my chapter in God’s Church for God’s World, I make the case that the Church of England has – however imperfectly – conserved the Catholic canon of Scripture, confessed the Catholic creed, taken part in the Catholic conversation (the Great Tradition flowing from the Fathers through the Doctors of the Church), been guided by the Catholic conscience (upholding the univocal moral vision of the Christian tradition), respected the Catholic cultus (pattern of worship), preserved the Catholic connection (upholding the unity of the church through episcopacy), and ministered within the Catholic circumference (the visible church of all the baptised). The catholic and reformed ecclesiology and method of the English Reformers is a coherent and compelling vision for the Church that safeguards evangelicalism from the spiritual, theological, and missional narrowness to which it can be otherwise susceptible.
In the midst of the acrimonious debates that currently besiege the Church of England, some evangelical clergy and even whole church congregations are tempted to cut loose and join up with one of the small alternative Anglican denominations that have arisen in recent years to answer that perceived need (and a handful of ministers and congregations already have). In response, several reasons are often given for why evangelicals should persevere in the Church of England despite the challenges and compromises currently being faced. Most of the reasons commonly given are pragmatic – both financial and missional. But the ecclesiological argument for “sticking with it” is not made often enough among Anglican evangelicals, and it is this lacuna I have sought to supply. Evangelicals should remain in the Church of England for catholic reasons. The Church of England helps keep evangelicals Catholic, and evangelicals help keep the Catholic Church of England evangelical. If “Evangelexit” were to occur, it would inevitably be into churches that are less Catholic than the Church of England. That would be to the detriment of the spiritual health of the evangelical Anglican movement itself, and of the nation as a whole.
Prophetic Link:
“God’s word has given warning of the impending danger; let this be unheeded, and the Protestant world will learn what the purposes of Rome really are, only when it is too late to escape the snare. She is silently growing into power. Her doctrines are exerting their influence in legislative halls, in the churches, and in the hearts of men. She is piling up her lofty and massive structures in the secret recesses of which her former persecutions will be repeated. Stealthily and unsuspectedly she is strengthening her forces to further her own ends when the time shall come for her to strike. All that she desires is vantage ground, and this is already being given her. We shall soon see and shall feel what the purpose of the Roman element is. Whoever shall believe and obey the word of God will thereby incur reproach and persecution.” Great Controversy, page 581.2.